With reference to welfare concerns, the justification is that predation.

Verkkothe use of electronic training devices for dog training is controversial.

Verkkocollars (ecs) in cats and dogs is controversial because they deliver electrical stimulation as a means of discouraging the animal from an unwanted activity.

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The aims of this study were to give an indication of the extent to which dog owners.

In a study of hunting dogs, for example, aversive conditioning with a shock.

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